Mit Michel de Montaigne begegnen wir einem der größten Denker des 16. Jahrhunderts, einem der bedeutendsten Franzosen überhaupt und einem Philosophen, der immer bodenständig blieb und der höchsten Wert auf die praktische Anwendbarkeit seiner Überlegungen legte. Seine Gedanken entstanden denn auch größtenteils aus der Beobachtung des Lebens, oft von recht einfachen Menschen, die er, obwohl aus dem Adel stammend, nicht geringer schätzte, als die „Edlen“. Sein tief humanistisches Denken bereitete unter anderem der Aufklärung den Boden. Viele seiner Ideen waren zu seiner Zeit bereits revolutionär und sind es bis heute geblieben. In Montaigne begegnet uns ein Freund und Vorbild, der uns praktisch in bedeutenden Lebensfragen beraten kann und praktikabel Lösungen anbietet. Montaigne kam aus einer Kaufmannsfamilie, die erst vor kurzem zu großem Reichtum gelangt war. Der Vater kaufte östlich von Bordeaux das Schloss Montaigne, nachdem sich das Geschlecht nun auch benannte. Der vormalige Familienname lautete Eyquem. Der Vater begleitete den französischen König nach Italien und kam dort mit den Ideen der Renaissance in Berührung. Voller Enthusiasm he himself took over the education of his son Michel, and had this Latin to learn the natural method. Soon, Michel said that language just as well as his native language and it will be reported even happened that he had cursed in arousal in Latin. He was further trained in Bordeaux and Toulouse and established himself as a young man as a lawyer. In 1565 he married. Sprang from the marriage six children, of whom only one survived. Michels father died in 1568 and Michel's Castle and other estates inherited. At age 38 he retired from public life and devoted himself to the study of life, especially his own. Montaigne is because even an atypical philosopher not only in that it is just as devoted to the corporeality of man, as his mind and gave practical advice, but also that he tells us in his philosophy the most about his own person.
From 1580, he made long trips to German and Italy. During this time, despite his absence, he was elected for the second time as mayor of Bordeaux. From 1585 he worked on his "Essays" and lived, so quiet and withdrawn as possible and in his castle. He was a man of restless ambition, was always ready to question everything, and he could not be satisfied with a final opinion, which he had not studied in every detail. The Frage, die er sich ständig stellt lautete: „Was weiß ich?“; Damit trat er an die Welt und ihre Meinungen heran.
Montaigne untersuchte das Leben und stellte fest, dass der Mensch sich oft minderwertig fühlten und zwar aus drei Gründen: 1.) körperliche Nachteile, wie etwa Hässlichkeit, Übergewicht, Körpergröße oder andere Mängel, 2.) durch die Meinung anderer Menschen, die uns für ungenügend halten und 3.) durch das Gefühl mit dem Verstand einer Sache nicht gewachsen zu sein, das Empfinden von intellektuelle Minderwertigkeit.
Montaigne akzeptierte die Natur des Menschen und wies darauf hin, dass der Mensch viel Tierisches an sich hat und dass dies nichts Schlechtes sei, vor allem die Sexualität und die Geschlechtsteile sah er als positiv an. Wir sollten beim Körperlichen die Tiere zum Vorbild nehmen, die sich niemals schämen würden, sich niemals minderwertig fühlten, egal wie auch immer sie aussehen mögen. Das Schlimmste, was ein Mensch tun kann, ist sich selbst zu verachten, leider eine Fähigkeit des Geistes, der sich gegen seinen Körper stellen kann. Bis zu Montaigne glaubten Philosophen, dass der Mensch glücklich werden könne, weil er denken kann, weil er einen Geist hat. Montaigne hingegen fand heraus, dass gerade der Geist die Ursache für das Unglück des Menschen werden kann, vor allem durch die Erschaffung von innerer Idealvorstellungen und durch Vergleiche mit others that do not correspond with reality and can very easily lead to feelings of inferiority. The next problem is the mind that he can imagine that he would know what is right, makes us arrogant and leads us to that view to transfer to other people, get them to see the world as we . do
Each culture has its views on what is normal to deviate from it very quickly brings into conflict with her. People decide very quickly and without reflection, what is right and what does not follow the nonconformists. Prejudices they fought very well in that it goes on tour and looks at other cultures. We see that "normal" a completely relative term. Through travel is seen more clearly as one's own faith was formed and how it arises. When one is confronted with others' prejudice, travel is a good help.
If one feels inferior because of what other people think of one, then Montaigne recommends that you as the people present at the toilet bowl. Even if you sit on the throne, he is still sitting on his backside.
Montaigne criticized the view that academic qualification has to do with wisdom. The school system rewards learning, not wisdom. It is quite possible that one is totally unwise, but has several doctorates, just as a may have never attended high school, but very wise. A stupidity of our society, this is not to believe and to close title and awards made on skills. It is thus understandable that people tend to academic qualifications than seek true wisdom. Most of the academics is not interested in the truth, but of success, wealth and prestige and that requires no wisdom.
act against the third kind of inferiority, intellectual, these considerations very well. Everyone has the ability to think, everyone can be a philosopher, that is, a person who uses his intellect and thinking, provides freedom from the opinions of others. Who can think for themselves, who feel more confident with himself and requires the consent of the other. The fool always needs the other and therefore the slave of society and its authorities.
A famous quote from Montaigne states: "glory and peace of mind can never be bedfellows."
questions about the wisdom (my questions, not those of Montaigne):
• Are the feelings and thoughts of other people matter?
• How is a man happy?
• What to do when you are angry, frustrated or sad?
• How to lead a good relationship? How do you build on it? As finished it?
• Why live their lives on the way as they do each?
• Is it better to be successful and truly dishonest or this lonely, poor and ineffective?
• Has something to do education with wisdom?
• What is a valuable life?
• Are there people who are different compared to higher quality?
• Is it right to accept things as true, even though one's mind can not prove it? What then is the basis of this assumption? Can one justify to his own conscience?
• When you have the three to things that you believe to be true that you can not justify.
• Was ist das Gewissen des Menschen? Wie entsteht es? Soll man immer darauf hören?
• Was ist der Maßstab, nachdem man das Leben und die Welt bemessen soll?
• Gibt es in der heutigen Zeit noch eine Rechtfertigung für Autoritäten? Und wenn ja, welche?
• Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen Mehrheitsmeinung und Richtigkeit?
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